Athenaze

Vocabulary

Content

Emphasized Items of the Chapter (Both Sections A and B) - students should be very familiar with content of these general items:

1. The family visits the festivals with a plot twist at the end.
2. Finish reading episodes from Odysseus's adventures.

Caption Under the First Picture:

Students should be able to deduce the tense of ὑμνήσει. The root meaning of the word is quite similiar to the English derivative, "hymn" (Notice the rough breathing.)

Grammar

Atelic non-indicative forms and the present (indicative) tense is formed by connecting a verb "root" with the first principal part stem (ο/ε) and primary tense endings. (Note: Athenaze normally refers to "root" as "stem" and then doesn't have a consentent term to refer to principal part stems. I think it is best to distinguish these three verb elements.)

The future tense is formed by connecting a verb "root" with the second principal part stem (σο/ε) and primary tense endings. (Note: the only morphological difference between the present and future indicative is a sigma.)

Comparison Chart between Present forms and Future froms

The tricky part about Greek is learning how to anticipate how various verb roots will combine with each stem (principal part form). Verb roots can be catagorized by their final letter (the letter that will combine with the stem letter.) There are six types of verb roots (All roots ending with one of these types of letters).

1. Close Vowels
2. Contract Vowels
3. Bilabials
4. Dentals
5. Gutterals (Velars)
6. Liquids (λ, μ, ρ, ν - Liquids and Nasals)

Close Vowels (ι, υ, ου) do not contract with any other vowels or consonants. That is why λύω is the word we use in our paradigms. With close vowel roots we can clearly see unaltered stems for each principal part. We can also anticipate all of the principal parts for verbs with close vowel roots.

There are three contract vowels (ε, α, ο). Verbs that have roots ending in one of these vowels are called contract verbs. These vowels will contract in regular patterns with other vowels. Thankfully, the first principal part is only stem that begins with a vowel and will generate a contraction. All of the the other principal part stems begin will consonants and will not contract (but the contract vowel will typically lengthen). This makes contract verbs quite regular (except for the first principal part).

There are three bilabials (β, π, φ). Verbs that have roots that end with a bilabial will combine with the the sigma in the 2nd principal part stem to form psi. Also any dental that follows a bilabial will drop out prior to the sigma in the 2nd principal part stem allowing the bilabial and sigma to form psi.

There are three dentals (δ, τ, θ) and ζ which is a dental sibalent. Verbs that have roots that end with one of these dentals will drop their dental prior to the the sigma in the 2nd principal part stem leaving the sigma untouched. The exception to this is when some dentals will look like a present epsilon contract verb (The sigma dropped out instead of the dental since an epsilon was inserted to separate the root from the sigma. Sometimes this creates an intervocalic zeta [also a sibalent] that will also drop.) (κομίζω → κομιζέσω (added ε) ￫ κομιέω (sibalents drop)￫ κομιῶ (ε contracts with ending).

There are three gutterals (γ, κ, χ) and double tau (ττ) which will act like a gutterl prior to sigma. Verbs that have roots that end with one of these letters will combine with the the sigma in the 2nd principal part stem to form χ.

Liquids

Presented in section 10b